Quiz 1 Spring 2014 for Escape from Camp 14 Essay - 1

Test 1 Spring 2014 for Escape from Camp 14 - Essay Example nce he continually considered her to be a danger to his endurance in jail, particularly during her youth years in the jail, for instance, since she beat him, and she was additionally a contender for food to him (Harden, 3). The way that the terrible encounters in the jail that had shown him something other than what's expected from what mankind is, he was unable to identify with being human, to have family, and to relate with others at a human level. His dim mystery has now caused him misery, considerably following 7 years of opportunity in USA, notwithstanding his endeavors to rethink himself through changing his name (Harden, 1). The recollections of seeing his mom hanged and those of seeing his sibling shot dead, particularly combined with the way that Shin is the person who double-crossed them is an encounter that has totally debilitated him, to such an extent that, in the wake of encountering empathetic everyday environment and subsequent to relating with others at a human level , he can't excuse himself for the treachery. Shins conduct, similar to everybody elses in Camp 14, is totally not the same as that of individuals living in a free world, or possibly the individuals who were not conceived in a jail camp in North Korea, and his conduct depends on a profoundly extraordinary good code. It is totally immense and even unfathomable in the brain of an individual who has carried on with as long as he can remember in a free world, for instance, the way that a child can really feel happy and soothed by the passing of his mom and his sibling (Harden, 3). It is much progressively incomprehensible why an individual might want to double-cross his own family; his lone family to the extent he knows it, particularly in light of the fact that Shin was conceived in a jail camp and in this way didn't have the foggiest idea about any more family or family members, other than the ones he had in jail. This is on the grounds that affection to him was an inane word, having seen her mom as a danger from youth, while seei ng his sibling as an outsider and his dad as simply whatever other guest who lived together with her mom five times each year (Harden, 3). Such are the

Dominozz Pizza Research Paper Essay

Established: In 1960 by Thomas S. Monaghan in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Possession: In December 1998, financial specialists, including reserves oversaw by Bain Capital Inc. , a main private value venture firm, along with the executives and others, obtained a 93% stake in the Company, which was some time ago claimed by organizer, Thomas Monaghan and his family. Depiction: Domino’s Pizza has been devoted and focused on quality assistance, item and conveyance greatness for over 40 years, making it the world chief in pizza conveyance. Domino’s is the biggest secretly held eatery network, and the eighth biggest of all café networks on the planet. Items: Domino’s Pizza offers Crunchy Thin Crust, Ultimate Deep Dish and Classic Hand Tossed pizzas with various local garnishes. Side things incorporate Domino’s Bread Sticks, Double Cheesy Bread, CinnaStix and Buffalo Wings. Refreshments comprise of frosty cold Coca-Cola items. Stores: Domino’s Pizza works a system of 6,977 claimed and diversified stores in the United States and 64 global markets. Representatives: Over 120,000 partners are utilized by Domino’s around the world, 15,000 of those are corporate workers, of which 550 work at the overall home office in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Each Domino’s store utilizes 15-30 low maintenance and full-time people Officer’s: David Brandon, director and CEO Jim Stansik, exceptional right hand to the CEO Harry Silverman, CFO and official VP, account/organization Tim Monteith, boss data official Hoyt Jones, official VP, impeccable execution-establishment stores Patrick Knotts, official VP, faultless execution-corporate stores Patrick Doyle, official VP, Domino’s Pizza International and acting official VP, fabricate the brand Mike Soignet, official VP, keep up exclusive expectations Tim McIntyre, VP, corporate interchanges Elisa D. Garcia C. , official VP and general direction Patti Wilmot, official VP, individuals first. National Charity: In August 1998, Domino’s Pizza started a drawn out relationship with Easter Seals, which has become the corporation’s first national foundation of decision. Through this coalition, Domino’s is committed to helping kids and grown-ups with inabilities and their families. Dissemination: Through its system of 18 residential appropriation habitats, Domino’s Pizza Distribution consistently supplies in excess of 4,600 pizza stores with in excess of 150 items, extending from mixture to pizza boxes. The quantity of items offered by DPD keeps on growing. Likewise, the progressing interest for new innovation and essential hardware is given by DPD’s Equipment and Supply division, which offers things, for example, make lines, team garbs and stoves just as product support for national limited time programs. Industry: Pizza is a $30 billion every year industry. Around 3 billion pizzas are sold in the U. S. yearly through 61,269 pizza shops. Each man, lady and kid in America eats a normal of 46 cuts (23 pounds) of pizza a year. Pepperoni is America’s most loved fixing (36% of all pizza orders); around 251,770,000 pounds are devoured every year. Inovations: Domino’s HeatWave hot sacks were presented in 1998. Each warmed hot sack contains a licensed warming component warmed by means of power. Once unplugged, this innovation keeps the pizza stove hot during an ordinary conveyance. The external material of the pack is made with water-repellent nylon as opposed to the vinyl material recently utilized. Inside the pack is 3M Thinsulate protection, which kills undesirable dampness, keeping the pizzas both hot and fresh. To permit Domino’s stores to focus on making and conveying pizzas, Domino’s built up a focal grocery store framework. This soothes stores from extended periods of time making batter, grinding cheddar and planning fixings. Today, Domino’s Pizza Distribution gives excellent mixture and fixings across the nation, keeping the company’s pizza reliably flavorful. Other pizza and cheap food organizations in the U. S have embraced this equivalent framework. New and delectable pizza has consistently been a need at Domino’s Pizza. Domino’s was the first to utilize a fiberglass plate for mixture, which disentangled batter dealing with and guaranteed better conservation. Domino’s was the trailblazer behind the strong, folded pizza box, which shields dampness from debilitating the crate, while keeping cheddar from adhering to the top during conveyance. A heavenly, fresh outside layer is one of the most significant pieces of the pizza. Looking for the ideal hull, Domino’s built up the pizza screen, a work plate that helps cook pizza outside more uniformly than a plate made of wood or treated steel. Today it’s difficult to miss pizza conveyance vehicles †on account of Domino’s Pizza. Domino’s concocted the 3-D vehicle top sign, which is at present utilized by an assortment of businesses, including cabs and driving schools Company history. In 1960 Tom Monaghan and sibling James buy â€Å"DomiNick’s,† a pizza store in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Monaghan acquired $500 to purchase the store. At that point in 1961 sibling James exchanges his half of the business to Tom for a Volkswagen Beetle. By 1965 Tom Monaghan is sole proprietor of organization, and renames the business â€Å"Domino’s Pizza, Inc. †Next Tom opens the first Domino’s Pizza establishment store opens in Ypsilanti, Michigan in 1967. At that point in 1968 the organization base camp and supermarket are pulverized by fire, likewise the first Domino’s store outside of Michigan opens in Burlington, Vermont. At that point in 1975 Amstar Corp., producer of Domino Sugar, records a trademark encroachment claim against Domino’s Pizza and afterward in 1978 the 200th Domino’s pizza store opens. Presently it is 1980 and a Federal court rules Domino’s Pizza didn't encroach on the Domino Sugar trademark and Tom gets the opportunity to keep his trademark. I n 1983 Domino’s first global store opens in Winnipeg, Canada. The 1,000th Domino’s store opens. By 1984 ground is broken for new central command, Domino’s Farms, in Ann Arbor, Michigan. At that point in 1985 Domino’s opens a surprising 954 units, for a sum of 2,841, making Domino’s the quickest developing pizza organization in the nation. At that point Tom chooses he needs to have a go at something new so in 1989 he chooses to present the Pan Pizza, the company’s first new item. Domino’s opens its 5,000th store. In 1990 Domino’s Pizza signs its 1,000th establishment. In 1992 Domino’s turns out bread sticks, the company’s first national non-pizza menu thing. In 1993 the new Crunchy Thin Crust pizza is turned out across the nation. The Company ceases the 30-minute assurance and re-accentuates the Total Satisfaction Guarantee: If under any conditions you are disappointed with your Domino’s Pizza eating experience, we will re-make your pizza or discount your cash. In 1994 tom has a major since Buffalo Wings are turned out in all U. S. stores, the first Domino’s opens in Eastern Europe in Warsaw, Poland and the principal consent to create Domino’s Pizza in an African nation was marked by Specialized Catering Services, Inc. In 1995 Domino’s Pizza International division opens its 1000th store. First store opens on African mainland, in Cairo, Egypt. Another huge year for the organization is 1996 when Domino’s dispatches its site on the Internet (www. dominos. com). Domino’s turns out seasoned outside layers, for constrained time just advancements, broadly without precedent for organization history. The organization arrives at record deals of $2. 8 billion framework wide in 1996. In 1997 Domino’s Pizza opened its 1,500th store outside the United States, opening seven stores in 1 day on 5 mainlands sequentially. Domino’s Pizza propelled a crusade to refresh the organization logo and store inside with more brilliant hues and a more current look. In 1998 Domino’s dispatches another industry development, Domino’s HeatWave, a hot pack utilizing protected innovation that keeps pizza broiler hot to the customer’s entryway. Domino’s Pizza opens 6000th store in San Francisco, California in April. Domino’s Pizza author, Tom Monaghan, declares retirement and offers 93% of Company to Bain Capital, Inc. In 1999 David Brandon is named Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Domino’s Pizza. Domino’s Pizza declares record results for 1999. Overall deals surpass $3. 36 billion. Incomes expanded 4. 4% more than 1998. Presently this carries us to the year 2000 where Domino’s Pizza International opens its 2000th store outside the United States. Domino’s Pizza commends 40 years of conveying pizza and advancement to homes far and wide. During the previous four decades, Domino’s has made ready for organizations engaged with food conveyance, utilizing rehearses that have set the standard in the business. Domino’s Pizza reports record results for 2000. Overall deals surpass $3. 54 billion. Incomes expanded 5. 3% more than 1999. Statement of purpose Since 1960, Domino’s Pizza has been focused on furnishing our clients with the best-tasting, most excellent pizza, utilizing just the best fixings, and conveying it straightforwardly to their entryway. That is the thing that made us the world chief in pizza conveyance. We keep on concentrating on our Vision: Exceptional People determined to be the best pizza conveyance organization on the planet. (Domino’s) Company Mission Good pizza. It’s our central goal. And keeping in mind that it might appear to be a basic one, the lengths we’ll embrace to satisfy it are definitely not. We hand-stretch our outside for greatest flavor. We spearheaded the Domino’s HeatWave? sack so our customer’s pizza is constantly conveyed hot. Also, we us

Emmett Till A Case Of Racism - Free Essay Example

   All throughout history there has been an unbelievable amount of racism. So many times someone has been judged for the color of their skin. One example of this shameless hate is the murder of young Emmett Till on August 28, 1955. Emmett was just a normal kid.. When all of the trouble started, he was just acting the same way most teenagers do. Completing a harmless dare called on by his friends. The horrific way he was murdered threw the black community into a fit of rage all across America. Till was just a young teenage boy whos death forever changed the way people look at racism.   Ã‚   Young Emmett lived a fairly regular life, he was always a happy kid. Till was born on July 25, 1941 in Chicago, Illinois. His parents are Louis and Mamie Till, sadly his father Louis died while serving in the US military when Emmett was just three. He was a very diligent and sweet boy. Emmett spent most of his time helping around the neighborhood. He shared a very close bond with his mother Mamie. Emmett worked crazy amounts, working extremely hard to make sure his mother would never be too weary or overstretched. However, according to Mamie, he was an ghastly and sick child. He was born with speech defect that caused him to stutter, he also had polio when he was very young. Even though he was things did not look that good for Emmett, he had a great character and was a very caring child.   Ã‚   The racism was less sever where he lived in Chicago although he still lived in a segregated neighborhood. The summer of 1955, Emmett and his cousins begged to be allowed to take a fun trip to Money, Mississippi, a small town with a little population of 55. Emmett wanted to spend his summer with his cousins and spend a little bit of time out of the city. Till stayed with his great-uncle Mose Wright and his great-aunt Elizabeth Wright. Him and his cousins were having a blast running around the town of Money. Going to play in the fields and hanging out the town stores. Emmett and his cousins had no fear of the whites. They even explained how they had white girlfriends back in Chicago. On August 24th, Emmett made his way to a corner store named Bryants Grocery and Meat Market, he wanted to buy some bubblegum. . As he traveled out of the store, it was said that he made an inappropriate comment or gesture towards the owners wife, Carolyn Bryant.   Some evidence suggests the Emmett did say Bye, baby! (Crowe 54-55). There are other rumors that suggest that he asked her on a date and tried to hold her hand. There is also evidence that he whistled at her. According to Mamie Till, she had taught Emmett to whistle when he had trouble with a word because of his speech defect. I had taught Emmett that when you get hooked on a word, just whistle and go ahead and say it (Curry 4). Not one person knows exactly what Emmett did or said to Carolyn. Whatever happened, it does not justify what happened to Emmett a few days later.   Ã‚   On Sunday,   August 25, 1955, Roy Bryant, Carolyns husband, and J.W. Milam drove to Mose Wrights home.They stormed up to the house, and demanded to see Emmett. Tills great- grandfather Mose Wright knew all about the brutality in the south unlike Emmet. With a lot hesitation, Mose lets the men take Emmett in hopes that they would only beat him and return him home by morning (Crowe 14-16, 58, 60). The men only drove a few miles to a nearby plantation. They took Emmet and threw him into a shed. Not a soul truly know what they did to Emmett Till that night. However, one witness by the name of Willie Reed, did hear sounds coming from the shed. Willie explained how he heard noises coming from the shed,   heard sounds of beating and cries of Mama, Lord have mercy.   Lord have mercy! coming from. the shed (Crowe 60). Reed has also stated that he saw black workers cleaning out blood from the back of the pickup.   Ã‚  Ã‚   That next morning, Saturday August 26, 1955, Emmett never showed back up to Mose Wrights home.   Tills body was found the morning of August 31, 1955. He was found in the Tallahatchie River near Greenwood, Mississippi. He was beat past recognition, his face and body were mutilated. The only way they were able to identify Emmett was the monogram ring that had once belonged to his father before he passed. The trial for the two men did not last long, both Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam were clear of all charges that were held against them and walked free. The story about young Emmett Till changed the way people thought racial issues and may have even changed the course of the civil rights movement.

Alpine Plant Climate - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5029 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Alpine plant biodiversity in the Central Himalayan region: Perspective of global climate change Summary Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alpine Plant Climate" essay for you Create order Increase in surface temperature at global scale has already affected a diverse set of physical and biological systems in many parts of the world and if it increases at this rapid rate then the condition would be worst one could have ever thought off. Garhwal Himalaya, major part of the great Himalayan mountainous system is also much sensitive and vulnerable to the local, regional and global changing climate. Due to strong altitudinal gradient, varied climatic conditions and diverse set of floral and faunal composition, the impact of climate change seems to be much higher. This paper highlights some important features of the changing pattern of vegetational composition, distribution and impact of climate change on the phenological aspect of major alpine plant species present in the Garhwal Himalayan region. It also shows cumulative changes, which operate at local level but are globally pervasive. These cumulative changes include change in the land cover/ land use and other anthropogen ic activities, which are related to the climate change. Overall biodiversity in the Himalayan region has been depleted as the consequences of complex and multitude pressure of climate change. The depleted biodiversity has indirectly affected the socio-economic development of the local communities on which their sustenance depends and is inherently critical to the consideration and management of natural resource. Introduction Plant diversity and Status The varied altitudinal, climatic and topographical conditions in the Himalaya results in different types of microhabitats. Geographic isolation, glaciations, evolution and migration of the species in the past all together have contributed to the high level of biodiversity in this mountain system. As per genetic, species and ecosystem level resources, Himalaya is one of the hotspots of biodiversity in the world, which represents about one-tenth of the worlds known species of high altitude plant and animal species. Some parts in the Himalayan region are center for origin of many crops and fruit species and are important source of gene for their wild relatives. The floral diversity of this region shows assemblage of many endemic and exotic species of plants from the adjoining regions. A large number of western Himalayan flora in the Garhwal Kumaon region seems to have been invaded from Tibet, western China and adjoining north-east Asia (Rau, 1975). In the present scenario biodiversity seems to have been depleted in these regions due to land degradation, habitat fragmentation, increasing population pressure, over exploitation of bio-resources and finally due to the changing pattern of the climate. Nearly 10% of flowering plants are listed under various categories of threatened species. Red Data Book of Indian plants listed about 620 threatened species, of which, 28 are presumed extinct, 124 endangered, 81 vulnerable, 160 rare and 34 insufficiently known (Nayar and Sastry, 1987, 1988), however, Red list of threatened plants indicates 19 species as extinct. Among others, 1236 species are listed as threatened, of which, 41 taxa are possibly extinct, 152 endangered, 102 vulnerable, 251 rare and 690 of indeterminate status (IUCN, 1997). From the Himalayan region the important plant species included in threatened categories are mostly the valuable medicinal and aromatic plants, which, support the economic condition and health care sys tem of the local communities. It is well known that, in the context of the present scenario of climate change especially due to global warming many of the high-elevated ecosystems are severely sensitive and vulnerable. Their fragility may accelerate the changes occurring in their composition and structure to the slight variations in climatic factors. These regions include glacier, alpine pasture/ meadows and timber line ecosystem, which are the important source of the seasonal runoff, freshwater, valuable medicinal and aromatic plants, grazing land, source of timber and wild edibles for the mankind. Future scenario of climate change: According to the Third Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001, average global temperature close to the earths surface has increased by 0.6 C 0.2 C since 19th century mainly due to the emission of CO2. If human beings do not act to reduce the present level of CO2 there will be additional increment in temperature of 1.4 C to 5.8 C in the next 40 100 year. Current information available on the pattern of future climate change through General Circulation Models (GCMs) suggested that the annual mean warming would increase about 3C in the decade of 2050s and about 5C in decade of the 2080s over the land region of Asia. Precipitation would increase annually about 7% and 11% in decades of 2050s and 2080s respectively. There would be a decline in the summer precipitation that seems likely to be over the central part of arid and semi-arid Asia. GCM also showed high uncertainty in future projection of winter and summer precipitation over south Asia, because much of tropical Asian climate is noticeably associated with the annual monsoon cycle. In Central Himalayan region, through the assessment of people perception it is interpreted that, climate change resulted in the increase in warming, decline in rainfall during March- May, high rainfall during Aug- Sept instead of normal peak in July- Aug, decline in the snowfall intensity and winter precipitation in Jan-Feb instead of Dec-Jan (Saxena et al., 2004). This scenario can hardly trigger to think about the changing pattern of climate or its negative and positive impacts at local, regional and global level. Although assessment of future climate change scenario through some of scientific models needs a better infrastructure and high technological inputs, specific impact of climate change on different ecosystems can be discerned by comprehensive studies on long term monitoring of the different aspects of ecosystem which is lacking in the Indian context especially in the Garhwal Himalayan region due to poor infrastructure and management practices. So, as per as need concern in these remote areas the assessment of impact on the natural resources in future climate changes can be done through the site-specific sensitivity analysis and it can be related to the traditional knowledges of the peoples living in this particular region of the Himalaya. Sensitivity analysis would help to assess what will be happen if various climatic variables changed, and analysis also evaluates the positive or negative impacts of changing climate on the natural resources. This assessment would help us to make the l ocal communities realize the importance of conservation and management practice so that the endangered and threatened species could be saved from becoming extinct. Assessment of vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the various ecosystems and to develop indigenous knowledge based coping mechanism are important to determine the impact of climate change. This also links the ecological processes to the social processes and appreciates the relationship between the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Climate change: Impact on different vegetation zone Natural ecosystems at high elevations are much more sensitive to the climatic variations (Ramakrishnan et al., 2003) or global warming then the managed systems. Their sensitivity is prominently attributed to their limited productivity during snow-free growing season (Price et al., 2000), low dispersal capability, geographically localized, genetically impoverished, highly specialized and slow reproducing ability of the high altitude plants (McNeely, 1990; WWF, 2003). As a consequence of global warming the present distribution of species in high altitude ecosystems projected to shift higher as results of upward altitudinal movement of the vegetation belts. Although the rate of vegetation change is expected to be slow and colonization success would depend on the ability of adaptation and interaction of the plant species with the climate and other associated species, weeds, exotic and invasive species. Their success also depends on their ecological niche width and their role in the ecosy stem functioning. Increase in the temperature would result competition between such species and new arrivals. As the result, species which have wide ecological tolerance have an advantage to adapt and those which are at the edge of range, genetically impoverished, poor dispersal ability and reproducer are under the threshold of extinction. A likely impact of climate change is also observed over the phenological aspect of vegetation in the alpine, sub alpine and timberline zone. Changes in the pattern of snowfall and snowmelt in these mountain regions and increase in mean annual surface temperature has pronounce impact on the date and time of the flowering and other phenophases of certain valuable, keystone species of plants. Earlier snowmelt simulate early flowering in some early growing plants and possibly increase in surface temperature may extend the growing period and productivity of certain grass species in the cooler climatic region. There is a gradual decrease in the growing period from timberline to the snow line, Rawat and Pangtey, (1987) reported about 20 weeks growing period near timberline and barely 4-6 weeks above 5000 m asl. Thus, increase in the average temperature due to global warming the growing period of the vegetation would be seems to extend at high altitudes. Evidences of climate change through p eople perception in Garhwal Himalaya reveals that increase in the warming results decline in the yield of apple fruits and shortening the maturity period of winter crops, whereas, the production of cash crops like potato, peas and kidney beans under warm condition increases. Change in rainfall pattern, snowfall intensity will increase large-scale mortality and damage to the crops, which are close to the maturity on the other hand, Barley and wheat crop production is severely affected due to winter precipitation in months of Jan- Feb (Saxena et al., 2004). Vulnerability of different vegetation belts in the Garhwal Himalaya. Dominant tree species in the low and mid altitude zone have a wider range of distribution. Shorea robusta the climax species of lower elevation is distributed over moist to dry deciduous bio-climates in central India where temperature is much higher while rainfall is quite low. Quercus spp. the climax species at mid elevation is also distributed over a wide range (1100- 1800m) The mid altitude which is dominated by broad leaves and coniferous forest (Rao, 1994) mainly species of Quercus spp. and Pinus spp. on response to the warming may be replaced by the species like Shorea robusta and Terminalia spp. Warming also increases the chance of greater fire risk in dry or moist deciduous forests, these impacts on the forest can directly influence the local livelihood based on fuel and fodder (Ramakrishnan et al. 2003). Rhododendron arboreum is a very prominent forest species because of its red flowers covering almost the whole canopy. At higher elevations this species used to attain peak flowering stage in February / March but now due to warming flowering time in this species seems to shift in the months of January/February. The phenological calendar at lower altitude has thus shifted to the higher altitudes. Exact times of leaf fall, flushing, flowering and fruiting may vary depending upon the elevation indicating sensitivity of phenophases to temperature and moisture stress regime. Flowering and fruiting start earlier about a month with increase in elevation by 600 m (increase in temperature by 2.4 degree C) in Rhododendron arboreum, Prunus cerasoides, Myrica esculenta, Pyrus Pashia and Reinwardtia indica in Central Himalaya. Leafless period in deciduous species like Aesculus indica and Alnus nepalensis is longer at higher altitude as compared to lower altitude. At higher elevation (1500-3300m) i n Central Himalaya, evergreen and winter deciduous species occur equally across the elevation/temperature gradient. All across the elevation / temperature gradient, majority of tree species show vernal flowering. Species showing vernal flowering (before 15 June) increased in frequency and those with aestival flowering (between 15 June 15 September) decreased with increase in annual temperature drown based on the elevation gradient. Thus, change in the temperature would affect flowering and fruiting time of different species or also induce change in species composition. Vegetation of the timberline in different parts of world not only differs in terms of species composition but also exhibit different types of species (Crawford, 1989). In some regions the timberline represents exclusively evergreen conifers while in some it represents totally deciduous broad-leaved trees (Purohit, 2003). In the central Himalaya the Betula utilis, Abies pindrow and Rhododendron campanulatum, are the native species of timberline (Rawal and Pangtey, 1993), and have a complex, spatial habitat and reservoir of large number of medicinal and aromatic plants and wild edibles. During recent past, timberline, the most prominent ecological boundary in the Himalaya where the sub-alpine forests terminates, has been identified as sensitive zone to environmental change and could be effectively modeled / monitored for future climate change processes. The species from tree-line have a narrow range of distribution, as temperature optima for most of these species is higher than the temperature in their natural habitats, warming will be expected to promote their growth but they may be threatened if they fail to compete with the changing climatic conditions (Saxena et al., 2004). Due to the over exploitation and changing global climatic condition many of the medicinal and aromatic plants in and around the timberline shrunk in size and distribution from their natural habitats and some of them are listed rare, threatened and endangered. Besides, the herbs some tree species of the timberline across the western Himalaya viz. Taxus baccata, Betula utilis etc. are also facing sever threats of depletion (Purohit, 2003). Most of the species valued by local communities have a poor soil seed bank, there could be large-scale local extinction of these species if seed production on a landscape scale decline (Saxena et al., 2004). Swan (1967) identified two parts of the alpine region i.e. above timberline (Lower alpine zone; 300 -4000 masl) and higher alpine zone (4000 masl snowline). Grasses and sedges are dominating members of alpine vegetation at lower altitude but they are characteristically replaced by non- grassy dwarf plant species at higher altitude near snowline. The area immediate above timberline and zone of stunted trees shrubs marks the alpine scrub. The vegetation of the lower alpine zone consists of dwarf shrubs, cushionoid herbs, grasses and sedges, Salix, Rosa, Lonicera, Ribes, Cotoneaster and Berberis etc. form the major shrub species at lower alpine zone (Kala et. al., 1998). The herbaceous flora of this zone represent spectacular array of multicolored flowers and include many short period growing cycle plant species. The major herbs of this zone are Potentilla, Geranium, Fritillaria, Lilium, Corydalis, Cyananthus, Anemone, Ranunculus, and Impatiens etc. The vegetation of the higher alpine zone is rather sparse, dotted with moraines, boulders and rocky slopes forming suitable habitat for the patches of shrubs e.g. Rhododendron lepidotum, Juniperus spp. Betula utilis and many species of colourful flowering plants, grasses and sedge etc. In the alpine with the onset of summer, the physical condition of the every patches of ground undergoes constant change, this is the root cause for the instability and succession of plants. Another feature of alpine plant distribution is that in the same habitat one could see the growth of several related or unrelated species and only one species dominate in the entire habitat almost to the exclusion of the other species. This difference may be due to the Physico- chemical properties of the soil. Initiation of growing season depends on the intensity of snowfall in the proceeding season and start of the melting of snow during spring (April May). In alpine region flowering is started during the month of May in some species, but in most of the species flowering occurs during June to late July and it goes up to early August (Nautiyal et al., 2001). Jennifer A. Dunne et al. (2003) reported that in experimental condition, increasing 2C average soil temperature during the growing season for every two weeks of earlier snowmelt flowering time is advanced by 11 day in the sub-alpine region. Senescence at community level was gradually starts from July to September depending on the growth cycle of the plant species in Central Himalaya (Nautiyal et al., 2001). However in a study conducted by Zhang and Welker (1996) in Tibetan Tundra alpine the community senescence, which actually starts in September was postponed until October under warmer condition and stimulates the growth of grasses. It indicates that the warmer condition as result of increase CO2 enrichment extend the growing period and increase in the grass productivity and distrib ution may suppress the growth of forbs, shrubs (Zhang and Welker, 1996), similarly the valuable medicinal plants also affected (Ramakrishnan et al., 2003). It is possible that timber productivity in the high altitudes/ longitudes could increase as result of climate change, but it could take decades to occur and the newly form forests habitats are likely to retain lower level of native biodiversity due to loss of species that are unable to cope and some species will become more abundant and widely distributed (Alward et. al., 1999) Biotic invasion is another important cause of change in the geographical distribution of the plant species, which is derived or accelerated by the global change. Elevated CO2 might enhance the long-term success and dominance of exotic grasses and their shift in species composition mainly driven by global change has potential to accelerate fire cycle and may reduce biodiversity (Smith et al, 2000). The water use efficiency due to increase atmospheric CO2 can allow increase in potential distribution of Acacia nilotica spp. indica in Australia and increase temperature favour its reproductive life cycle (Kriticos et al, 2003). As the glaciers are receding at a fast rate the newly formed moraine belt is an excellent area to study the invasion of plants from the adjacent mountains and pastures.In recent several land uses and land covers of the high altitude is eroded due to the glacier melting, avalanches and land slides, which favour to extend the distribution of Polygonum polystachyum, a fast growing herb, is mostly found on freshly eroded slopes, past camping sites, river banks and avalanche tracks (Kala et. al., 1998). The other successful invaders found in these habitats are species of Lonicera and Berberis followed by Rosa and Ephedra. Increase temperature may results higher pathogen survival rate and most of the plant species will be severely threatened due to insect, pest and fungal disease. To the changing climate, plants can respond following possible ways firstly no change in their species composition but change in productivity and biogeochemical cycle. Secondly, evolutionary adaptation to the new climatic condition either through plasticity (i.e. shift in phenology) or through genetic response. Followed by emigration to the new areas, as warming observed in the alpine has been associated with upward movement of some plant taxa by 1-4 meter per decade on mountain tops and loss of some taxa that formally were restricted to higher altitude (Grabherr et.al., 1994). Ultimately, they may undergo extinction (Bawa and Dayanandan 1998, Ramakrishnan et al.2003). Most of the plant species changes over time through the process of succession, with pioneer species preparing the way for others, identifying the species present, the physical forms plant takes and the area they occupied are the way for observing change. All the changes involve dynamic and that are difficult or impossi ble to predict, natural ecosystems in this regard serve as a kind of natural laboratory, where natural mechanisms of change such as change in climatic condition and change in the feature of physical and biological systems observe practically. Appropriate management strategies need to developed in such a way that it may have to find a new balance between traditional conservation and maintenance of biodiversity and other ecosystem functioning. Effect on the vegetation: Upward movement of the vegetation belt. It result change in the pattern of structure and distribution of many valuable plant species, Reduction in the area of severely sensitive ecosystem like high altitude pastures, snow cover peaks and important glaciers. Changes in the phenology of some plant species, which include change in time of flowering and seed formation. Changes in the habitat, which is favourable for new alien weedy and invasive species. Increases fire risk in the sub-temperate and temperate dry deciduous and pine forests. Increases productivity of some grass species from the high altitude regions. Adverse impact on the timber production of forest. Effect on the agro-system: Changes the pattern and time of cropping. Shortening the maturity period of some winter crops, which are traditionally important constituent of mountain agriculture. Increase in the pathogen survival rate and crops are more susceptible to pest, insect and fungal diseases. Decline in the yield productivity of some traditional crops; whereas increasing temperature may also be favour the productivity crops like wheat. Decline in the yield of some horticultural fruits which needs chilling effect for their fruit development as seen in case of Apple fruit production. Uncertain high precipitation leads to destruction of crop productivity during flowering, seed formation and maturation time. Effect on Physical system: Accelerate intensity of glacier melting. Reduces area under snow cover and changes the time of snowmelt and snowfall at high-elevated ecosystems. Adverse impact on the seasonal runoff, freshwater availability. Increases the incident of landslides in mountains, drought condition and sever flood condition at lowland regions. Soil properties and process like organic matter decomposition, leaching and soil-water relation were influenced by increase temperature. Socio-economic conditions of the humankind severely affected: Reduction in the area of pasture adversely affect the local pastoral economy, as most of the local livestock of the transhumant and adjoining lowland peoples depends on the high altitude pastures in Garhwal in the summer season. Impact on the timber, medicinal plants and agriculture in the high altitude region in some extent gives negative results to the related industries. Economy through the hydropower generation is affected. Change in the social culture of the peoples living at high altitude regions, i.e. the time of the migration of the transhumant in Garhwal in recent affected due to the adverse climatic conditions. Which also affect their source of economy like agriculture, wool based occupation etc. Changes were also seen in the health conditions of the people living in high altitude, peoples of these regions now more worried about the heat stresses, vector borne diseases, respiratory, eye disorder etc. Status of many endangered wildlife fauna in the Himalayan region affected, and changes in the behavioural and seasonal migration of the animal species can be possible. Table: Distribution of some major plant species at different altitudinal belt of Garhwal Himalaya. Altitude (m asl) Plant species 500- 1400 Shrubs: Zizyphus xylopyrus, Woodfordia fructicosa, Trees: Rhododendron arboreum, Shorea robusta, Dalbergia sisso, Acacia catechu, Adina cardifolia, Terminalia, Cassia fistula, Mallotus philippensis, Bombax ceiba.Agele, 1500-2400 Herbs: Clematis montana, Anemone rivularis, A. obturiloba, Ranunculus hirtellus, Thalictrum chelidonii,Barbarea vulgaris, Silene indica, Malvia verticillata, Geraanium nepalense, Fragaria indica, Potentilla fulgens Epilobium pulustre,Bupleurum falcatum, Aster peduncularis, A. thomsonii, , Gentiana aprica etc. Shrubs: Prunus cornuta, Rosa macrophylla, Zizyphus xylopyrus, Woodfordia fructicosa Trees: Rhododendron arboreum, Shorea robusta, Dalbergia sisso, Acacia catechu, Pinus roxburghii,P. wallichiana, Quercus leucotricophora, Q. semecarpifolia, Adina cardifolia, 2500- 3400 Herbs: Anemone rivularis, A. obturiloba, Ranunculus hirtellus, Thalictrum chelidonii, T. minus, T. elegans, Aquilegiaa pubiflora, Caltha palustris Clematis montana, Clematis barbellata, Delphinium vestitum, Podophyllum hexandrum, Corydalis cornuta, Arabis nova, Viola canescens, Silene edgeworthii, S. Indica, Stellaria monosperma, Geranium collinum, G. himalayense, Trigonella emodi, Geum roylei, Potentilla fruticosa, P. fulgens, P. gelida, P. leuconota, P. polyphylla etc. Grasse Sedge: Carex cruciata, Agrostis pilosula,Poa supina, P. alpina, Danthonia. Shrubs: Cotoneaster macrophylla, Cotoneaster acuminatus, Lonicera, Salix, Rubus foliolosus, Spiraea bella, Berberis glaucocarpa, Myricaria bracteata, Skimmia laaureola, Astragallus candolleanus, Rosa macrophylla. Ribes himalense, Trees: Betula utilis, Taxus baccata, Rhododendron campanulatum, Alnus nitida, A. nepalensis, Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana, Acer ceasium, Junipers 3500-4400 Herbs: Cypridium elegans*, C. himalaicum, Epipogium aphyllum, Dactylorrhiza hatagirea, Listera tenuis, Neottianthe secundiflora, Aconitum balfouri, A. falconeri, A. heterophyllum, A. violaceum, Ranunculus pulchellus, Thalictrum alpinum, Podophyllum hexandrum, Acer caesium*, Meconopsis aculeate, Corydalis sikkimensis, Megacarpaea polyandra, Astragallus himalayanus, Nardostachys graandiflora*, Picrorhiza kurrooa*, Pleurospermum angelicoides, Saussurea costus*, S. obvallata, Angelica glauca, Ribes griffithii, Lonicera asperifolia, Waldhemia tomentosa, Primula glomerata, Arnebia benthamii, Geranium pratense, Impatiens thomsonii, I. racemosa, Dioscorea deltoidea*, Allium humile, A. stracheyi*, A. wallichi, Clintonia udensis, Thamnocalamus falconeri, Orobanche alba, Sedum ewersii, S. heterodontum,Pimpnella diversifolia, Morina longifolia Grasse Sedge: Elymus thomsonii, Agrostis munroana, Calamagrostis emodensis, Danthonia cachemyriana, Festuca polycolea, Poa pagophila, Stipa roylei, Carex infuscate, C. nivalis, Kobresia royleana, K. duthei etc. Shrubs: Cotoneaster duthiana, Cotoneaster acuminatus Hippophae tibetana, Rosa sericea, Sorbus macrophylla, S. ursine, Rhododendron anthopogon, Trees: Sorbus aucuparia, Cedrus deodara, Betulla utilis, 4500- above Herbs: Oxygraphis glacialis, Ranunculus pulchellus,Corydalis bowerii, Alyssum canescens,Draba altaica, Silene gonosperma, Potentilla sericea, Sedum bouverii, Saussurea obvallata, S. simpsoniana, Christolea himalayensis Literature cited Rau, M. A. (1975). High altitude flowering plants of west Himalaya. BSI, Howrah, India, pp.214. Singh, D. K. and Hajra, P. K., in Changing Perspectives of Biodiversity Status in the Himalaya (eds Gujral, G. S. and Sharma, V.), British Council Division, British High Commission, Publ. Wildlife Youth Services, New Delhi, 1996, pp. 23-38. Dunne, J.A., Harte, J. and Taylor, K. (2003). Sub alpine Meadow Flowering Phenology Responses To Climate Change: Integrating Experimental And Gradient Methods, Ecological Monographs 73 (1), pp. 69-86. IPCC (2001). Climate Change-2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Kriticos, D.J., Sutherst, R.W., Brown, J.K., Adkings, S.W. and Maywald, G.F. (2003) Climate Change and The Potential Distribution of an Invasive Alien Plant: Acacia nilotica ssp.indica in Australia, Journal of Applied Ecology, 40; 111-124. Nautiyal, B.P., Prakash, V and Nautiyal, M.C. (2000). Structure And Diversity Pattern Along An Altitudinal Gradient In An Alpine Meadow Of Madhyamaheshwer, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Indian Journal of Environmental Science 4(I). 39- 48. Nautiyal, M.C., Nautiyal, B.P. and Prakash, V. (2001). Phenology And Growth Form Distribution In An Alpine Pasture At Tungnath, Garhwal Himalaya. Mountain Research and Development, Vol. 21, No. 2, 177-183. Price, M.V. and Waser, N.M. (2000). Responses of sub alpine meadow vegetation to four year of experimental warming. Ecological Application 10: 811-823. Purohit, A.N. (2003). Studies on Structural and Functional Aspects of Timberline Vegetation in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve Garhwal Himalaya, Ph.D Thesis, Deptt. Of Botany, H.N.B.Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal. Saxena K.G., Ramakrishnan, P.S, Maikhuri, R.K, Rao, K.S, Patnaik, S. (2004). Assessment Of Vulnerability Of Forests, Meadows And Mountain Ecosystems Due To Climate Change. Com-4E: Winrock Agriculture, Forestry Ch-14 pm6 2nd Proof 20-01-04. Argiculture Forestry And Natural Ecosystem.pp.163-168. Zhang, Y. and Welker, J.M. (1996). Tibetan Alpine Tundra Responses To Simulated Changes In Climate: Aboveground Biomass And Community Responses, Arctic And Alpine Research, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 203 209. Smith, S.D., Huxman, T.E., Zitzer, S.F., Charlet, T.N., Housman, D.C., Coleman, J.S., Fenstermaker, L.K., Seemann, J.R., Nowak, R.S. (2000). Elevated CO2 increases productivity and invasive species success in an arid ecosystem, Nature, Vol. 408, pp.79-81. Naithani, B.D. (1984). Flora of Chamoli, Vol. 1, Published by Director Botanical Survey of India, Hawrah, pp X XI. Table 2 Plant species Flowering and fruiting time (Kala et al., 1998) Flowering and fruiting time (Naithani, 1984) Herbs Cypridium elegans* June June C. himalaicum July- August September Dactylorrhiza hatagirea June August June Oct Listera tenuis August- Sept Aug Sept Aconitum balfouri August- Sept Sept Oct Aconitum heterophyllum July Sept Sept Oct Aconitum violaceum July- Aug Sept Oct Ranunculus pulchellus May July October Corydalis cornuta June- Aug May Oct Corydalis cashemeiam June- July May Aug Podophyllum hexandrum April- June April- Oct Potentilla fruticosa July- Oct July- Oct Artemisia spp. June-July Sept- Oct Aster diplostephioides Aug-Oct Aug- Oct Geum roylei June-July May- Oct Pimpinella diversifolia June- Oct June -Oct Meconopsis aculeate July- Sept June- Oct Corydalis sikkimensis June- Aug July Megacarpaea polyandra June- July May June Astragallus himalayanus Aug- Sept June-Oct Nardostachys grandiflora* July Aug Aug- Oct Picrorhiza kurrooa* June June- July Pleurospermum angelicoides Aug Oct Aug- Oct Saussurea costus* August S. obvallata Aug Sept Aug- Oct Angelica glauca Aug Oct Aug- Oct Rheum emodi July- Aug Lonicera asperifolia June Sept Waldhemia tomentosa August Sept- Oct Primula macrophylla June -July May- June Arnebia benthamii July Aug May- Aug Dioscorea deltoidea* May- Oct Allium humile June July June- Aug Allium stracheyi* August Sept- Oct Allium wallichi August July- Oct Clintonia udensis June May- Sept Orobanche alba July- Aug Aug- Oct Morina longifolia July Sept Stellaria monosperma Aug- Oct Aug- Oct Geranium collinum July-Aug August Geranium pretense Aug-Sept Aug- Sept Anemone rivularis June- Aug May- Aug Caltha palustris May- July May- June Clematis Montana May- June April- June C. roylei Oct- March Ranunculus hirtellus June- Aug May- Oct Thalictrum elegans July- Aug June- Oct T. alpinum June- Aug June- Aug Delphinium cashmerianum Aug -Sept August Impatiens glandulifera July- Aug July- Aug Urtica dioica Aug- Sept Feb-August Silene duthei July- Aug July- Aug Christolea himalayensis Aug- Sept Grasses Sedges Elymus thomsonii August Aug- Sept Agrostis Aug- Sept Aug- Sept Bromus ramosus September Sept- Oct Calamagrostis spp. Aug- Sept Aug- Sept Danthonia spp. July Sept Sept- Oct Festuca spp.F. valesiaca July- Sept April- June, Aug- Oct Poa alpine June- July Sept- Oct Stipa roylei July Sept Sept- Oct Carex spp. Aug- Sept Aug- Sept Kobresia spp. K. laxa July- Aug Sept- Oct, June- Oct Shrubs Hippophae tibetana Berberis chitria, B. aristata May June May- Nov, April- Nov Myricaria bracteata June -July Ribes himalense June July May- Oct Rosa macrophylla June May- Oct Cotoneaster microphylla April- May April- Oct Lonicera parviflora June -Sept Rhododendron anthopogon June April- Oct (3500-4000masl) Salix fruticulosa May- June May Oct Astragallus candolleanus June-Aug Ephedra gerardiana July- Aug Skimmia laureola May- June April- Nov Juniperus indica June- Oct Betula utilis May- June May, Oct- Nov Rhododendron arboreum April- May April- Oct (1500-2700masl) Acer caesium* March May April- Nov Rhododendron campanulatum June-July May- Oct (3000-3500masl) Shorea robusta Acacia catechu March- July Dalbergia sisso Feb- May Adina cardifolia Terminalia Feb- Oct Cassia fistula April- June Mallotus philippensis Bombax ceiba Pinus roxburghii Jan- June P. wallichiana April- June, Sept- Nov Quercus leucotricophora March-May, Dec- Feb Q. semecarpifolia May- August Cedrus deodara Aug- Nov Taxus baccata April Sept- Oct Alnus nepalensis Oct- Dec Abies pindrow May Sept- Oct Picea smithianaa April Oct, Nov Albizia labbeck March- May Cupressus torulosa April- Sept Celtis australis March-April, Sept-Oct Aegle marmelos May- June Table 1: A comparison of western Himalayan plant diversity with the plant diversity of India and Himalayan region. Plant Categories India Western Himalaya Himalaya (Singh and Hajra, 1996) Angiosperms (Nayar, 1996) 17,672 8000 Gymnosperms (Singh and Mudgal, 1997) 48 23 44 Pteridophytes (Ghosh and Ghosh, 1997) 1,135 321 600 Bryophytes (Mosses) (Vohra and Aziz,1997, Singh 1997) 2,850 751 1737 (Liverworts)(D.K. Singh, 2001) 235 Lichens (Singh and Sinha, 1997) 2,021 550 1159 Algae (Rao and Gupta, 1997) 6,500 Fungi (Sharma, 1997) 14,500 6900

Personal Theory of Counseling Essay - 2056 Words

Personal Theory of Counseling Meaghan O’Reilly Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories COUN-6722-35 Dr. Bob Today, the majority of counselors and therapists operate from an integrative standpoint; that is, they are open to â€Å"various ways of integrating diverse theories and techniques† (Corey, 2009b, p. 449). In fact, a survey in Psychotherapy Networker (2007) found that over 95% of respondents proclaimed to practice an integrative approach (cited in Corey, 2009b, p. 449). Corey (2009a; 2009b) explains that no one theory is comprehensive enough to attend to all aspects of the human – thought, feeling, and behavior. Therefore, in order to work with clients on all three of these levels, which Corey (2009b) asserts is necessary for the†¦show more content†¦First, people, including mental health professionals, possess a range of qualities. No one is just warm and accepting or just confrontational. We all possess these qualities to a certain degree. Therefore, to be genuine with our clients it is necessary for us to display these different parts of our personalities at different times. Second, although a client may come to counseling broken and hopeless and require a supportive, accepting, and warm counselor, if this relationship continues the client may never be pushed to make any real change. After the development of a strong working alliance between the therapist and counselor, it may (or may not) be necessary for the counselor to challenge or confront the client in some way to provoke change. It depends on the person. I agree with Lazarus completely when he says that a skilled mental health professional will know when to be warm or tough, when to confront a client or not, and when directive or non-directive (p. 458-459). Clients, because they each have their own unique identity that has been influenced by more factors than one can count or even identify, will respond differently to different relational styles, techniques, and treatments and this may change throughout the counseling process. In my opinion, it is the counselor’s job to know which approach or technique should be used to be the most effective with a particular client. Although I ascribe to the ideaShow MoreRelatedPersonal Theory Integrated Counseling3490 Words   |  14 PagesPersonal Integrated Theory Kana Crumby COUN 507-B01: Spring 2011 Liberty University Kana Crumby March 13, 2011 Abstract It is important to develop a biblically based theory of Christian counseling that integrates psychology, spirituality, and theology. This model must be flexible enough to incorporate non-believers, while attempting to gently facilitate a personal relationship with God in both believers and non-believers alike. 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Government Spending on the Inflation Rate

Question: Discuss about theGovernment Spending on the Inflation Rate. Answer: Introduction Inflation is that condition where the prices of all goods and services rise. This means that the amount of money spent earlier in purchasing some goods or services cannot be enough to buy the initial quantity level of that good or service. The money loses its value mostly as a result of increased inflation rate. Inflation is one of the key indicators of economic growth. Some of the other key indicators include; unemployment, current account, trade. The level of the growth in an economy determines the policy action needed. Most policies are applicable when the economic growth is low. The policies are divided into two parts; they can either be fiscal or monetary. The fiscal policies involve the actions taken directly by the government. These are; a cut in taxes or an increase in government spending. The major role of these policies is to stimulate the economy's aggregate demand (AD) indirectly. There have been some challenges in the attempt to explain how the fiscal policies influence the inflation rate. Before the 1980s, the thought of business by the classical economics assumed that inflation was spurred by an increased government spending. This has however been disputed by the modern Keynesians (Green, 2013).Green argued that it could do cause inflation to rise, but this could be caused only by a real shortage in resources. It is important in this paper to note out that there are two types of inflation; one is the cost-push inflation arising from the supply side owing to increased production costs. The other one is the demand-pull inflation owing to the increased AD. The Operation of an Increased Government Spending The government may use the money it receives from tax, or it can borrow from other economies that are performing well. When it raises it spending, it causes an increased disposable income. The extra income is used in demanding extra units of the initial products or in demanding other goods or services. This raises the spending level in the economy. I.e. the AD in the economy is raised. When there is a demand shortage in the economy, this method is important, but its effectiveness is dependent on the economic state. During periods of very low economic growth, it becomes less effective because tax revenues are reduced. In order to get enough funding for the same, the government borrows from other economies. Fig: Demand-pull Inflation The period of production in the economy also determines whether the increase in spending will cause inflation. In the short-run, an increase in AD does not result in a price change since supply is elastic (almost horizontal). However, the supply curve is inelastic (almost vertical) in the long run; here, an increase in AD from AD1 to AD2 is inflationary (Economicshelp.org, 2016). I.e. cause price to go up from P1 to P2. Dupor (2016) and Beenhakker (2001) noted that during low economic growth, the government is prompted to raise its spending. The increased spending sometimes might cause the production costs to go up. Consequently, the producers are forced to raise the price of their goods or services. This cause the inflation rate to rise. The Federal Reserve is in such a situation forced to counteract with a restrictive monetary policy before the increase in inflation forces the interest rate to go down (Dupor, 2015). Lower interest rates lower the cost of borrowing. The households and businesses that avoided borrowing at the high-interest rate are now willing to borrow more; the unemployed get jobs. Their consumption of goods, therefore, rises (Pettinger, 2011). As per the law of demand, when it is high, the price level usually goes up. The figure below shows that in the real sense some level of government spending is important for the economy. It is this spending that results in improved infrastructure and quality of education. Despite the fact that government spending is crucial to the growth of the economy, it becomes a burden beyond certain levels. This now starts to make the growth rate fall with every increase in its spending. The curve above cuts the y-axis at 1; this proofs that at zero government spending there is no economic growth. The money used in financing the governments spending is taken either from taxes or from borrowing (Saville, 2008). The consequences for each source of funding is as follows. Additional taxation to raise tax revenue discourages production of goods or services; the lower the supply, the higher the price level. Borrowing may reallocate money to places where they are less profitable leaving the private investors with little money making the investment level to fall. How Inflation Results As noted earlier by Green, the spending by the government is directed towards those resources that seem to be scarce. If the short-term supply is non-elastic, an increased demand causes the price of the particular resource to go up. This argument was posed by Tarik Tristan Chardon (2013) in response to Greens argument. Tarik also noted that the means of funding the government spending also have a great influence on inflation. The governments expenses may be paid for by printing money as a form of monetary power. If this happened, the confidence of the economic agents would fall as they will anticipate a currency depreciation; the prices will escalate. John Craft (2011) argued that inflation may be caused by an accelerated growth of money supply by the central bank owing to an increased government spending. He noted that when the rate of money growth is higher than that of economic growth, inflation arises. Mulligan (2009) argued that there exist low correlation between the inflation rate and the government spending. He argued that it may not necessarily cause inflation. But he noted that high debts level for the economy may harm it and may be inflationary. Conclusion The spending by the government is important to every economy. It is agreeable that its increase may cause inflation if the government is not aware the point beyond which it should halt its spending. The state of the economy also determines whether the spending would stimulate the economic growth or not. The imposition of fiscal policies may sometimes call for an action by the monetary policies so as to make it effective. A governments spending may be too high, but its economic growth still lies behind. Policy Recommendations and Alternatives The government should consider the different states of the economy and understand which policy is better for every situation. It should also invest in research to find out the maximum level in which its spending should not exceed. It should also understand that high spending is not necessarily good for the economy. The means of funding the governments spending should be chosen wisely with considerations on the consequences being done. Cutting tax is the best alternative in stimulating economic growth. References Beenhakker, H. (2001). The global economy and international financing. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Dupor, W. (2016). How Does Government Spending Affect Inflation? [Online] stlouisfed.org. Available at: https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2016/may/how-does-government-spending-affect-inflation [Accessed 22 Sep. 2016]. Dupor, B. (2015). The expected inflation channel of government spending in the postwar U.S. [online] Sciencedirect.com. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292114001494 [Accessed 22 Sep. 2016]. Economicshelp.org. (2016). Causes of inflation | Economics Help. [Online] Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/macroeconomics/inflation/causes-inflation/ [Accessed 22 Sep. 2016]. Green, R. (2013). Does government spending spur inflation? [Online] quora.com. Available at: https://www.quora.com/Does-government-spending-spur-inflation [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Mitchell, D. (2005). The Impact of Government Spending on Economic Growth. [Online] The Heritage Foundation. Available at: https://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2005/03/the-impact-of-government-spending-on-economic-growth [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Mulligan, C. (2009). Inflation and Government Spending. [Online] nytimes.com. Available at: https://economix.https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/10/inflation-and-the-size-of-government/?_r=0blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/10/inflation-and-the-size-of-government/?_r=0 [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Pettinger, T. (2011). Impact of Increasing Government Spending | Economics Help. [Online] Economicshelp.org. Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/2731/economics/impact-of-increasing-government-spending/ [Accessed 22 Sep. 2016]. Saville, S. (2008). Government Spending and Inflation | Steve Saville | Safehaven.com. [FundOnline] Safehaven.com. Available at: https://www.safehaven.com/article/10688/government-spending-and-inflation [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016].

Role of women in the church

The roles that women play in church leadership today have been of critical importance in enhancing performance of church ministries in both complementary and active roles. Credible studies on egalitarianism indicate that the intention of God regarding church ministry and leadership roles has been that both men and women serve in equal positions and status.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Women in the Church specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rakate points out that the perspective of biblical equality embraces skin color, religion and gender while supporting the fact that God created individuals equally with same responsibilities to serve him.1 However, different viewpoints from complementarianism and egalitarianism on the role of women in the church have been areas of critical importance. It is against this backdrop that this paper takes a critical look at the role of women in church ministry. To begin with , the term elder in the new testament (also called presbusteros) has been used several times to refer to the seventy disciples documented in Luke 10: 1-24, to the twelve apostles in Luke 6: 12-16 as well as other individuals who were in authority and held leadership roles in a Christian assembly. Hamman points out that the term elder in the New Testament did not denote age, but represented both character and position of a person in terms of honor, experience, dignity and maturity.2 A deacon in original biblical language ‘Diakoneo’ refers to a servant. The term has been used 34 times in the New Testament to refer to a person serving at the table with examples from Acts 6:1 and Luke 10:41. According to acts 6:3-5, the core qualifications of an individual filling the office of a deacon include good reputation, use of wisdom and manifestation of the Holy Spirit in his or her life. Other possible qualifications include being internally dynamic and good looking. On the other hand, the qualifications of an elder are too many as indicated by Paul in Titus 1: 6-9 and also in 1Timothy. They include having a good reputation, a long term convert, ability to manage household well, patient, forbearing, hospitable, teachable, respectable, sober, faithfully married to one wife and blameless of any questionable character. One of the fundamental issues in Christian ministry regarding the involvement of women in the ministry has been whether or not they should serve as deacons and elders. Paul in 1st Timothy 2: 9-15 strongly opposes women assuming leadership roles while favoring complementarianism. He says in verse twelve of Timothy 2: 9-15 that â€Å"I do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet.†3Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This statement has been repeated several times in 1 Corinthians 14:1 3, Titus 1: 6-9 and 1st Timothy 3: 1-13 and strongly indicates that leadership positions are a domain of men. The crux of the argument is that although God created men and female to be equal, it did not imply that the roles and functions they were to carry out were to be similar.4 Conversely, egalitarianism favors women and leadership roles. In Galatians 3:28, Paul says that â€Å"there is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.†5 However, it would be hasty to interpret Paul’s position to mean that women are equal with men in terms of leadership roles. The fact that men and women are one in Christ refers to faith and salvation which is offered to all regardless of gender, race or economic status, and not leadership roles. However, it is imperative to note that outside the church, women leadership roles are applicable, though it is abundantly clear that it has not been an easy affair as me n still dominate many leadership positions. In the church, women have made immense contributions in complementary roles and in leadership roles in some churches. This has been in leading assemblies, composing songs and teachings. To sum up, the discussion above has been based on the thesis statement that â€Å"the roles that women play in church leadership today have been of critical importance in enhancing performance of church ministries in both complementary and active roles†. From the discussion, it is apparent that different views which are biblically-based have been raised favoring both egalitarianism and complementarianism. As noted from egalitarianism, women play important roles in church ministries and deserve to be treated equally as men since they are equal before God. Bibliography Hamman, Jaco. â€Å"Resistance to women in ministry and the psychodynamics of sadness.† Pastoral Psychology, 59(2010)769-781. Rakate, Faith. â€Å"Women in leadership: contextual dynamics and boundaries.†Journal of International Women’s Studies, 12(2011): 166-168.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Women in the Church specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Footnotes 1 Rakate, Faith, â€Å"Women in leadership: contextual dynamics and boundaries,†Journal of International Women’s Studies, 12(2011): 167. 2 Hamman, Jaco, â€Å"Resistance to women in ministry and the psychodynamics of sadness,† Pastoral Psychology, 59(2010)781. 3 Ibid.780 4 Ibid. 781 5Rakate, Faith, â€Å"Women in leadership: contextual dynamics and boundaries,†Journal of International Women’s Studies, 12(2011): 168. This essay on Role of Women in the Church was written and submitted by user Madelyn Miranda to help you with your own studies. 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